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al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 1 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product description the al8806 is a step-down dc/dc converter designed to drive leds with a constant cu rrent. the device can drive up to 8 leds, depending on the forw ard voltage of the leds, in series from a voltage source of 6v to 30v. the al8806 switches at frequency up to 1m hz. this allows the use of small size external components, hence minimizing the pcb area needed. maximum output current of al8806 is set via an external resistor connected between the v in and set input pins. dimming is achieved by applying either a dc voltage or a pwm signal at the ctrl input pin. an input voltage of 0.4v or lower at ctrl switches off the output mosfet simplifying pwm dimming. pin assignments msop-8ep 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 al8806 set gnd gnd ctrl v in n/c sw sw 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 al8806 set gnd gnd ctrl v in n/c sw sw features ? led driving current up to 1.5a ? better than 5% accuracy ? high efficiency up to 98% ? operating input voltage from 6v to 30v ? high switching frequency up to 1mhz ? pwm/dc input for dimming control ? built-in output open-circuit protection ? msop8-ep: available in ?green? molding compound (no br, sb) with lead free finish/rohs compliant (note 1) applications ? high power mr16 lamps ? general illumination lamps ? multi-die led driver notes: 1. eu directive 2002/95/ec (roh s). all applicable rohs exemptions applied. please visit our website at: http://www.diodes.com/products/lead_free.html typical application circuit al8806 v in set ctrl sw gnd c2 1f r set 0r089 c1 450f d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 ~ 12v ac 33h l1 multi- die led dfls230lh dfls230lh x4
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 2 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product pin descriptions pin name pin number descriptions msop-8ep sw 5, 6 switch pin. connect inductor/freewheeling diode he re, minimizing track length at this pin to reduce emi. gnd 2, 3 gnd pin ctrl 4 dimming and on/off control input. ? leave floating for normal operation. (v ctrl = v ref = 2.5v giving nominal average output current i outnom = 0.1/r s ) ? drive to voltage below 0.4v to turn off output current ? drive with dc voltage (0.5v < v ctrl < 2.5v) to adjust output current from 20% to 100% of i outnom ? a pwm signal (low level 0.4v and high level > 2.6; transition times less than 1us) allows the output current to be adjusted below the level set by the resistor connected to set input pin. set 1 set nominal output current pin. c onfigure the output current of the device. v in 8 input supply pin. must be locally decoupled to gnd with > 2.2f x7r ceramic capacitor ? see applications section for more information. ep ep exposed pad/tab connect to gnd and ther mal mass for enhanced thermal impedance n/c 7 no connection absolute maximum ratings (t a = 25 c) symbol parameter ratings unit esd hbm human body model esd protection 2.5 kv esd mm machine model esd protection 200 v v in continuous v in pin voltage relative to gnd -0.3~36 v v sw sw voltage relative to gnd -0.3~36 v v ctrl ctrl pin input voltage -0.3 ~ 6 v i sw-rms dc or rms switch current 1.65 a i sw-pk peak switch current (<10%) 3 a t j junction temperature 150 c t lead lead temperature soldering 300 c t st storage temperature range -65 to +150 c caution: the absolute maximum ratings ar e rated values exceeding which the product could suffer physical damage. these values must therefore not be exceeded under any condition. semiconductor devices are esd sensitive and may be damaged by expos ure to esd events. suitable esd precautions should be taken when handling and transporting these devices recommended operating conditions (t a = 25 c) symbol parameter min max unit v in operating input voltage relative to gnd 6.0 30 v v ctrlh voltage high for pwm dimming relative to gnd 2.6 5.5 v v ctrldc voltage range for 20% to 100% dc dimming relative to gnd 0.5 2.5 v v ctrll voltage low for pwm dimming relative to gnd 0 0.4 v i sw dc or rms switch current 1.5 a f osc switching frequency 1 mhz t j junction temperature range -40 125 c
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 3 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product electrical characteristics v in =12v, t a =25 o c, unless otherwise specified. symbol parameter conditions min typ. max unit v insu internal regulator start up threshold v in rising 5.9 v v insh internal regulator hysteresis threshold v in falling 100 300 mv i q quiescent current output not switching (note 2) 350 a i s input supply current ctrl pin floating f = 250khz 1.8 5 ma v th set current threshold voltage v ctrl 2.6v or floating. 95 100 105 mv v th-h set threshold hysteresis 20 mv i set set pin input current v set = v in -0.1 16 22 a r ctrl ctrl pin input resistance referred to internal refe rence 50 k ? v ref internal reference voltage 2.5 v r ds(on) on resistance of sw mosfet i sw = 1a 0.18 0.35 ? i sw_leakage switch leakage current v in =30v 0.5 a ja thermal resistance junction-to- ambient (note 4) msop-8ep (note 3) 69 c/w notes: 2. al8806 does not have a low power standby mode but current consumption is reduced when outp ut switch is inhibited: v sense = 0v. parameter is tested with v ctrl 2.5v 3. measured on an fr4 51x51mm pcb with 2oz copper standing in still air. refer to figure 5 for the device derating curve. 4. test condition: device mounted on fr-4 pcb (51mm x 51mm 2oz copper, minimum recommended pad layout on top layer and therma l vias to bottom layer ground plane. for better thermal performance, larger copper pad for heat-sink is needed
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 4 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product . typical performance characteristics (t a = 25c unless otherwise stated) ? 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 v (v) supply current (not swit ching) vs. input current in i (a) in v = 0v v = v t = 25c ctrl se t in a 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 012345 v(v) switching frequency vs. v ctr l ct rl v = 12v 1 led r = 150m t = 25c in set a frequency (khz) l = 3 3 h l = 6 8 h l = 1 00 h 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 t = 25c a l =68h ctrl voltage (v) led current vs. v ctrl led c u r r en t (a) r = 68m set r = 100m set r = 150m set -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 v = v = 12v t = 25c se t in a i (a) ct rl v (v) i vs v ctrl ctrl ctrl 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 ctrl a v= open t = 25c se t i n v = v v (v) v vs. input voltage (ctrl pin open circuit) in ctrl v (v) ctrl 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.5 2 -40 -15 10 35 60 85 110 ambient temperature (c) v vs. temperature ctrl v = open v = v = 12v ctrl se t i n v (v) ctrl
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 5 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product typical performance characteristics continued (t a = 25c unless otherwise stated) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% pwm duty cycle i vs. pwm duty cycle led 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 v = 12v 1 led r = 150m l = 6 8 h in set led current error (%) led current (a) led current error i led 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 r (m) ds(on) v (v) r vs. input voltage in ds(on) v = open v = v 12v t = 25c ctrl set in a 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 -40 -15 10 35 60 85 110 ambient temperature (c) sw r vs. temperature ds(on) v = open v = v 12v ctrl set in r ( m ) ds(on) 80 85 90 95 100 105 11 0 11 5 120 125 130 024 68 time (s) sw output switching characteristics -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 v sw v (mv) se ns e r = 150m l = 6 8 h set v = 12v 1 led load in v sw v se ns e 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) duty cycle vs. input voltage l = 3 3 h r = 150m t = 25c set a 2 led duty cycle
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 6 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product typical operating performance characteristics (t a = 25c unless otherwise stated) 1.5a nominal led current 1.0a nominal led current 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds 6 leds 7 leds 8 leds -10% -8% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10 % 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) t = 25c l = 33h r = 66.67m a s % error 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds 6 leds 7 leds 8 leds -10% -8% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10 % 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) t = 25c l = 33h r = 100m a s deviation 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds 6 leds 7 leds 8 leds 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) t = 25c l = 33h r = 66.67m a s switching frequency (khz) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds 6 leds 7 leds 8 leds 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) t = 25c l = 33h r = 100m a s switching frequency (khz) 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds 6 leds 7 leds 8 leds 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) t = 25c l = 33h r = 66.67m a s 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds 6 leds 7 leds 8 leds 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100 % 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 input voltage (v) t = 25c l = 33h r = 100m a s efficiency
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 7 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product application information al8806 operation in normal operation, when voltage is applied at v in , the al8806 internal switch is turned on. current starts to flow through sense resistor r set , inductor l1, and the leds. the current ramps up linearly, and the ramp rate is determined by the input voltage v in and the inductor l1. 33h l1 al8806 v in set ctrl sw gnd c3 1f r set 0r082 c2 100nf d1 multi- die led dfls230lh c1 4.7f 12v gnd al8806 v in set ctrl sw gnd c3 1f r set 0r082 c2 100nf d1 multi- die led dfls230lh c1 4.7f 12v gnd figure 1: typical application circuit this rising current produces a voltage ramp across r set . the internal circuit of the a l8806 senses the voltage across r set and applies a proportional voltage to the i nput of the internal comparator. when this voltage reaches an internally set upper threshold, the internal switch is tu rned off. the inductor current continues to flow through r set , l1, the leds and the schottky diode d1, and back to the supply rail, but it decays, with the rate of decay determined by the forward voltage drop of the leds and the schottky diode. this decaying current produces a falling voltage at r 1 , which is sensed by the al8806. a voltage proportional to the sense voltage across r set is applied at the input of the internal comparator. when this voltage falls to the internally set lower threshold, the internal switch is turned on again. this switch -on-and-off cycle continues to pr ovide the average led current set by the sense resistor r set . led current control the led current is controlled by the resistor r set in figure 1. connected between v in and set the nominal average output curr ent in the led(s) is defined as: set thd led r v i = if the ctrl pin is driven by an external voltage (higher th an 0.4v and lower than 2.5v), the average led current is: set thd ref ctrl led r v v v i = for example for a desired led current of 1.33a and a default voltage v ctrl =2.5v the resulting resistor is: ? = = m75 5.2 5.2 33.1 1.0 v v i v r ref ctrl led thd set dc dimming the ctrl pin can be driven by an external dc voltage (v ctrl ), to adjust the output current to a value below the nominal average value defined by r set . the led current decreases linearly with the ctrl voltage when 0.5v v ctrl 2.5v, as shown on page 4 for 4 different current levels. note that 100% brightness setting corresponds to v ctrl = v ref , nominally 2.5v. for any voltage applied on the ctrl pin that is higher than v ref , the device will not overdrive the led current and will still set the cu rrent according to the equation v ctrl = v ref . when the ctrl voltage falls below the threshold, 0.4v, the output switch is turned off which allows pwm dimming.
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 8 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product applications information (continued) pwm dimming led current can be adjusted digitally, by applying a low frequ ency pulse width modulated (pwm) logic signal to the ctrl pin to turn the device on and off. this will produce an average out put current proportional to th e duty cycle of the control signal. in particular, a pwm signal with a max resolution of 10bit can be applied to the ctrl pin to change the output current to a value below the nominal average value set by resistor r set . to achieve this resolution the pwm frequency has to be lower than 500hz, however higher dimming frequencies can be used - at the expense of dimming dynamic range and accuracy. typically, for a pwm frequency of 500hz the accuracy is better than 1% for pwm ranging from 1% to 100%. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% pwm dimming [%] led current [ma] figure 2. pwm dimming at 500hz 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% pwm dimming [%] led current [ma ] figure 3. low duty cycle pwm dimming at 500hz the pwm pin is designed to be driven by both 3.3v and 5v logic levels directly from a logic output with either an open drain output or push-pull output stage.
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 9 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product applications information (continued) soft start the al8806 does not have in-built soft-start action ? this provi des very fast turn off of the output the stage improving pwm dimming accuracy; nonetheless, adding an external capacitor from the ctrl pin to ground will provide a soft-start delay. this is achieved by increasing the time taken for the ctrl voltage to rise to the turn-on threshold and by slowing down the rate of rise of the control voltage at the input of the comparator. a dding a capacitor increases the time taken for the output to reach 90% of its final value, this delay is 0.1ms/nf, but will impact on the pwm dimming accuracy depending on the delay introduced. figure 4. soft start with 22nf capacitor on ctrl pin (v in = 30v, i led = 667ma, 1 led)
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 10 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product applications information (continued) reducing output ripple peak to peak ripple current in the led(s) can be reduced, if required, by shunting a capacitor c2 across the led(s) as shown already in the circuit schematic. a value of 1 f will reduce the supply ripple current by a factor three (approx.). proportionally lower ripple can be achieved with higher capacitor values. note that the capacitor will not affect operating frequency or efficiency, but it will increase start-up delay, by reducing the rate of rise of led voltage. by adding this capacitor the current waveform through the led(s) changes from a triangular ramp to a more sinusoidal version without altering the mean current value. capacitor selection the small size of ceramic capacitors makes them ideal for al8806 applications. x5r and x7r types are recommended because they retain their capacitance over wider voltage and temperature ranges than other types such as z5u. a 2.2 f input capacitor is sufficient for most intended applications of al8806; however a 4.7 f input capacitor is suggested for input voltages approaching 30v. diode selection for maximum efficiency and performance, the rectifier (d1) should be a fast low capacitance schottky diode with low reverse leakage at the maximum operating voltage and temperature. the schottky diode also provides better efficiency than silicon pn diodes, due to a combination of lower forward voltage and reduced recovery time. it is important to select parts with a peak current rating above the peak coil current and a continuous current rating higher than the maximum output load current. in particular, it is recommended to have a diode voltage rating at least 15% higher than the operating voltage to ensure safe operation during the switching and a current rating at least 10% higher than the average diode current. the power rating is verified by calculating the power loss through the diode. schottky diodes, e.g. b240 or b140, with their low forward voltage drop and fast reverse recovery, are the ideal choice for al8806 applications. thermal and layout considerations for continuous conduction mode of operation, the absolute maximum junction temperature must not be exceeded. the maximum power dissipation depends on several factors: the thermal resistance of the ic package ja , pcb layout, airflow surrounding the ic, and difference between junction and ambient temperature. the maximum power dissipation can be calculated using the following formula: () w45.1 w/c69 c25c125 p )max(d = ? = where t j(max) is the maximum operating junction temperature, t a is the ambient temperature, and ja is the junction to ambient thermal resistance. the recommended maximum operating junction temperature, t j , is 125c and so maximum ambient temperature is determined by the al8806?s junction to ambient thermal resistance, ja . to support high led drive at higher ambient temperatures the al8806 has been packaged in thermally enhanced msop-8ep package. ja , is layout dependent and the al8806 in msop-8ep?s ja on a 51 x 51mm single layer pcb with 2oz copper standing in still air is approximately 69c/w. therefore the maximum power dissipation at t a = 25c is: () w45.1 w/c69 c25c125 p )max(d = ? = figure 5, shows the power derating of the al8806 on an fr4 51x51mm pcb with 2oz copper standing in still air. as the ambient temperature increases and/or the pcb area reduces the maximum power dissipated by the al8806 will decrease. msop-8ep 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 -40 -25 -10 5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110 125 ambient temperature (c) power dissipation (mw) figure 5. derating curve
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 11 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product applications information (continued) pcb layout when laying out the pcb for the al8806 the following should be observed: 1. the decoupling capacitor c1 has to be placed as close as possible to v in 2. the sense resistor, r set , has to be placed as close as possible to v in and set 3. the anode of the freewheel diode (d1), the sw pin and t he inductor have to be placed as close as possible to each other to avoid ringing. al8806 v in set ctrl sw gnd c2 r set c1 d1 l1 to avoid radiated emi keep dashed tracks as short as possible figure 6. pcb layout the al8806 has two evaluation boards available on request (al8806ev4 and al8806ev6). information can be found on the diodes website and from a diodes? sales representative. application example a typical application example for the al8806 is the mr16 lamp; which normally operate from 12v dc or 12v ac supplies, using conventional electromagnetic transformers or electronic transformers. as a replacement for mr16 halogen lamps, led lamps offer a more energy efficient solution - radiating no heat and no ultra violet light. the low thermal impedance of the al8806 and its 1.5a switch capability allows it drive some of the latest multi- die leds; which increases the lamp?s luminance. this application example is intended to fit into the base connector space of an mr16 style led lamp. the design has been optimized for part count and thermal performance for a multi-di e led in the lens section as well as emi conformance. figure 7. mr16 schematic
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 12 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product applications information (continued) the output of the 12v transformer is fed into the bridge rectifier, comprising of d2, d3, d4 and d5. c10 offers an optional emi filtering at the input. (see figure 9) capacitor, c bulk , (capacitors c1 and c2 on the pcb and bom are multiple components to reduce size) forms the bulk reservoir capacitance - used to sustain operation of the device during the low part of the rectified ac wave. in the case of a system driving two leds at 1.1a, one 470 f plus 47f capacitors are required. capacitors c3 and c9 provide local decoupling for the al8806 and for the schottky freewheeling diode, d1. it is important that c3 is as close as possible to the al8806?s v in pin and that c9 is as close to the v in and shottky diode as possible, as reflected in the layout shown below in figure 8. the led current is determined by the total resistance between the v in and set pins (r1 and r2 in figures 7 (schematic) and 8 (top pcb) and bom). c4 decouples the led connections, again to minimize emi, as well as smoothing the current. d1 operates as the freewheeling diode, providing a current path for the led current when the power switch at sw pin is off. capacitors c5 to c9, 1.5nf have been added to improve the ov erall emi performance. c5 is connected across the supply pins to reduce radiation via the wiring. c6 and c7 also assist the reduction of emi via the wiring. c8 snubs high frequency radiation from the harmonics in the switching regulator. a large number of vias have been used to improve the grounding effect throughout the pcb to improve the evaluation board?s emi performance. figure 8. al8806ev6 evaluation board (top) figure 9. al8806ev6 evaluation board (bottom)
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 13 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product applications information (continued) al8806ev6 bom count designato r description package manufacture r part numbe r 1 c1 capacitor, 470uf, 25v aluminium electrolytic radial, 10 x 12.5mm rubycon 25zlh470m 1 c2 capacitor, 4.7f 10% 50v x7r 1210 kemet c1210x475k5rac 3 c3, c9, c10 capacitor, 100nf 10% 50v x7r 0805 kemet nic c1210x475k5rac nmc0805x7r104k50trpf 1 c4 capacitor, 100nf 10% 50v x7r 1206 kemet nic c1206104k5rac7800 nmc1206x7r104k50trpf 4 c5 ~ c8 capacitor, 1.5nf 10% 50v or 100v, cog 0805 generic 1 l1 inductor, shielded, 15h 20% 6.6 x 6.6mm coilcraft nic wrth mss7341-153ml npis64d150mtrf 744777115 1 l2 inductor, ferrite bead, 6a, 30ohms @100mhz 0805 tdk mpz2012s300a 1 r1 resistor, 0.15ohms 1% 250ppm 125mw 0805 generic 1 r2 resistor, 0.2ohms 1% 250ppm 125mw 0805 generic 1 d1 diode, schottky, 30v 2a dfls230 (alternatives: dfls230l or lh) powerdi123 diodes inc dfls230-7 4 d2 ~ d5 diode, super barrier rectifier, 30v 2a sbr2u30 powerdi123 diodes inc sbr2u30p1-7 1 u1 ic, led driver, al8806 msop-8ep diodes inc AL8806MP8-13 the al8806 guarantees high level of performance both with 12v ac and 12v dc power supply.
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 14 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product ordering information al8806 xxx - xx package mp8 : msop-8ep packing 13 : 13? tape & reel al8806 xxx - xx package mp8 : msop-8ep packing 13 : 13? tape & reel device package code packaging (note 5) tape and reel quantity part number suffix AL8806MP8-13 mp8 msop-8ep 2500/tape & reel -13 notes: 5. pad layout as shown on di odes inc. suggested pad layout document ap 02001, which can be found on our website at ht tp://www.diodes.com/d atasheets/ap02001.pdf. marking information msop-8ep al8806 (top view) a~z : lead free a~z : green msop-8ep y : year : 0~9 w : week: a~z : 1~26 week; a~z : 27~52 week; z represents 52 and 53 week logo part number al8806 (top view) a~z : lead free a~z : green msop-8ep y : year : 0~9 w : week: a~z : 1~26 week; a~z : 27~52 week; z represents 52 and 53 week logo part number part number package AL8806MP8-13 msop-8ep package information msop-8ep
al8806 high efficiency 30v 1.5a buck led driver al8806 document number: ds35144 rev. 2 - 2 15 of 15 www.diodes.com june 2011 ? diodes incorporated new product important notice diodes incorporated makes no warranty of any kind, express or implied, with regards to this document, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose (and their equivalents under the laws of any jurisdiction). diodes incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, corrections or ot her changes without further notice to this document and any product described herein. diodes incorporated does not assume any liabi lity arising out of the application or use of this document or any product described herein; neither does diodes incorporated convey any license under its patent or trademark rights, nor the rights of others. any customer or user of this document or products desc ribed herein in such applications shall assume all risks of such use and will agree to hold diodes incorporated and all the companies whose products are represented on diodes incorporated website, harmless against all damages. diodes incorporated does not warrant or accept any liability whatsoever in respect of any products purchased through unauthoriz ed sales channel. should customers purchase or use diodes incorporated products for any unintended or unauthorized application, customers shall indemnify and hold diodes incorporated and its representatives harmless against all claims, damages, expenses, and attorney fee s arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized a pplication. products described herein may be covered by one or more united states, international or foreign patents pending. product names and markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more united states, international or foreign trademarks. life support diodes incorporated products are specifically not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of the chief executive officer of diodes incorporated. as used herein: a. life support devices or systems are devices or systems which: 1. are intended to implant into the body, or 2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user. b. a critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness. customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their life support dev ices or systems, and acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning their products and any use of diodes incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems, notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related information or support that may be provided by diodes incorporated. further, customers must fully indemnify diodes incorporated and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of diodes incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems. copyright ? 2011, diodes incorporated www.diodes.com

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